Journal articles: 'Rocky mountains, description and travel' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

Two years before Johann David Schöpf (1752-1800) published his Beyträge … (1787), Franz Joseph Märter (1753-1827) sent letters from Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, and East-Florida to Ignaz von Born, describing plants, animals, and geological features of the newly independent states. These letters were speedily printed in Physikalische Arbeiten … in Vienna (1785). A last letter sent from the Bahamas appeared in the same periodical in 1786. Märter's geological observations are translated and analyzed here for the first time. His descriptions of various rocks along the Schuylkill River, upstream from Philadelphia (granites, limestones, marble quarries, widespread weathered iron ores), and his interpretation of the fossiliferous sandstones in the Appalachian mountains are very similar to those by Schöpf. So are Märter's observations of shell banks, either exposed in ditches many miles from the sea, or in cliffs at Yorktown, Virginia, and Wilmington, North Carolina, as well as his description of granite and of a large coal mine near Richmond, Virginia. Finally, both travelers noticed that the rocky cliffs in the Bahamas consisted of limestone formed by Muschelsand [beachrock]. We established that Märter and Schöpf traveled together from Philadelphia to the Bahamas (November 1783 to March 1784). But neither acknowledged the influence, or at least the presence of the other, probably for political reasons.

Abstract:

Romantic wanderings of Poles across Saxon SwitzerlandThe history of Polish tourism in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains as well as the literary and artistic reception of the landscape and culture of Saxon Switzerland have never been discussed in detail. The present article is a research reconnaissance. The beginnings and development of tourism in the region came in the late 18th and early 19th century. The 1800s were marked by the emergence of the first German-language descriptions of Saxon Switzerland, which served as guidebooks at the time. From the very beginning Poles, too, participated in the tourist movement in the area. The author of the article seeks to follow the increasing interest in Saxon Switzerland and the appearance of the first descriptions of the region in Polish literature and culture. She provides a detailed analysis of Polish-language accounts of micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains by Andrzej Edward Koźmian, Stanisław Deszert, Antoni Edward Odyniec, Klementyna Hoffman née Tańska and a poem by Maciej Bogusz Stęczyński. As the analysis demonstrates, in the first half of the 19th century Poles liked to visit these relatively low mountains in Central Europe and tourism in the region is clearly part of the history of Polish mountain tourism. Thanks to unique aesthetic and natural values of the mountains, full of varied rocky formations, reception of their landscape had an impact of the development of the aesthetic sensibility of Polish Romantics. Direct contact with nature and the landscape of Saxon Switzerland also served an important role in the shaping of spatial imagination of Polish tourists, encouraging them to explore other mountains in Europe and the world, including the Alps. On the other hand thanks to the development of tourist infrastructure in Saxon Switzerland, facilitating trips in the region and making the most attractive spots available to inexperienced tourists, micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains marked an important stage in the development of mountain tourism on a popular-recreational level. Polish-language accounts of trips to Saxon Switzerland from the first half of the 20th century are a noteworthy manifestation of the beginnings of Polish travel literature.

Abstract:

This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.

Abstract:

ARC Sentinel spike trisetum (Trisetum spicatum L.) Richt. (Moss 1992) is a low-growing native grass cultivar developed by the Alberta Research Council Inc. for reclamation and revegetation of disturbed sites at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. This is the first spike trisetum cultivar released in Canada for commercial production. This cultivar is well adapted to grow and produce viable seed during the short growing seasons found in the alpine and sub-alpine regions of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Field observations indicate that ARC Sentinel spike trisetum can tolerate drought and winter conditions of the Canadian prairies where it is grown for seed production. Key words: Spike trisetum, Trisetum spicatum, reclamation, revegetation, cultivar description, native rasses

Abstract:

Stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses of exposures through a glacilacustrine sedimentary sequence along the south shore of Barrier Lake, Kananaskis Country, reveal evidence of glacitectonic disturbance, relating to a readvance of the Bow Valley glacier at the end of the last glaciation. Prior to disturbance, palaeocurrent measurements in gravel and sand foreset beds record the deposition of subaqueous fans-deltas from a glacier lobe retreating eastwards along the Barrier Lake depression. The fan-delta sediments fine upwards into ripple- and cross-bedded sands and laminated muds with dropstones, documenting progressively distal sedimentation. Palaeostress directions measured from large-scale folds, shear zones and glacitectonites, and deformation tills indicate that glacier ice readvanced southwards from a glacier lobe located over the Barrier Lake depression. These stress directions are used to reconstruct the flow lines within the southern margin of a low-profile glacier lobe that terminated halfway up lower Barrier Lake, a more extensive readvance than previously envisaged in the area for this period. Comparisons of diamicton and glacitectonite fabric shapes with similar sediments elsewhere indicate that the subglacially deformed material that caps some of the sections is immature and has undergone short travel distances. Although the exact age of the readvance is unknown, it probably represents the Canmore Readvance of the Late Wisconsinan glaciation.

Abstract:

This Study focused on Yang Wanli(楊萬里)'s Official Travel Poetry work(宦遊詩), which drew “Nature” as Poetry Materials during the two-month journey to work in 1180. The purpose of this study is to analyze the natural shape of the south drawn in these works and the emotions and psychology of the poet involved in the trip during the official travel process, and to contrast his “Nature” drawn in them with his poetic claims. In the Official Travel Poetry, the style of the work may vary depending on the conditions or psychological conditions in which the poet is in, such as the case of leaving after receiving an official position and leaving after being registered. Yang Wanli's Official Travel Poetry, especially the Official Travel Poetry which was built on the way to Gangdong, used the richness of nature description, natural scenery, and the cleanness of everyday scenery. Yang Wanli saw that “Traveling far” was the only creative way to write poetry, and that the only source of creation was the beautiful appearance of nature that he experienced while traveling around the mountains and streams. In his eyes, “Rivers and Mountains” not only can help the creation of poetry, but itself is almost the life of the poem, and there is no poem regardless of the shape of mountains, rivers, and rainy and sunny days.

Abstract:

This review describes some aspects of Canadian soils that are relevant to the Quaternary. It includes a description of the Quaternary Period in Canada, including a chronology of the major events that influenced soil formation, and the implication of the Quaternary to Canadian soils. The contribution of relict and buried paleosols to Quaternary stratigraphy and the reconstruction of paleoenvironments is then discussed, including some of the inherent problems. Pedologic evidence of environmental change in the southern Rocky Mountains, including tephrostratigraphy, is followed by a description, with numerous radiocarbon dates, of Holocene peat deposits. The review concludes with a discussion of weathering and saprolites in eastern Canada. Key words: Quaternary, Holocene, paleosols, stratigraphy, paleoenvironments, peat

Abstract:

Hypochilus is a relictual lineage of Nearctic spiders distributed disjunctly across the United States in three montane regions (California, southern Rocky Mountains, southern Appalachia). Phylogenetic resolution of species relationships in Hypochilus has been challenging, and conserved morphology coupled with extreme genetic divergence has led to uncertain species limits in some complexes. Here, Hypochilus interspecies relationships have been reconstructed and cryptic speciation more critically evaluated using a combination of ultraconserved elements, mitochondrial CO1 by-catch, and morphology. Phylogenomic data strongly support the monophyly of regional clades and support a ((California, Appalachia), southern Rocky Mountains) topology. In Appalachia, five species are resolved as four lineages (H. thorelli Marx, 1888 and H. coylei Platnick, 1987 are clearly sister taxa), but the interrelationships of these four lineages remain unresolved. The Appalachian species H. poco*cki Platnick, 1987 is recovered as monophyletic but is highly genetically structured at the nuclear level. While algorithmic analyses of nuclear data indicate many species (e.g., all H. poco*cki populations as species), male morphology instead reveals striking stasis. Within the California clade, nuclear and mitochondrial lineages of H. petrunkevitchi Gertsch, 1958 correspond directly to drainage basins of the southern Sierra Nevada, with H. bernardino Catley, 1994 nested within H. petrunkevitchi and sister to the southernmost basin populations. Combining nuclear, mitochondrial, geographical, and morphological evidence a new species from the Tule River and Cedar Creek drainages is described, Hypochilus xomotesp. nov. We also emphasize the conservation issues that face several microendemic, habitat-specialized species in this remarkable genus.

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The Bembidion aenulum subgroup of the subgenus Odontium is reviewed. This subgroup, widespread in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, previously has been considered to consist of only one species, Bembidion aenulum Hayward. However, morphological studies coupled with analyses of 28S ribosomal RNA, cytochrome oxidase I, CAD, and wingless genes reveal that eastern members of this group belong to a new species herein named Bembidion paraenulum new species. This species ranges from New Hampshire in the northeast, through Virginia and North Carolina, south to Florida and west to Mississippi. Both species are described and illustrated.

Abstract:

We describe a new species of tree frog of the Scinax ruber clade from rocky field mountains in the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais in central and southeastern Brazil. Scinax rogerioi sp. nov. is characterized by medium size (SVL males 25.0–35.6 mm; females 28.0–34.5 mm); snout protruding in lateral view and almost subovoid in dorsal view; loreal region concave; adhesive discs on fingers medium-sized, wider than long; interrupted, irregular dark brown blotches on dorsum from behind eyes to inguinal region from head to inguinal region; inverted brown triangular interocular blotch; brown spot in loreal region; advertisem*nt call is a multipulsed note, with 6 to 12 pulses (interval between pulses 0.02 to 0.03s), and a dominant frequency of 1.38 to 3.19 kHz. Description of the advertisem*nt call and data on natural history are provided.

Abstract:

Purpose. The article analyzes in details two small petroglyphic compositions with human figures and hoofed animals made in the technique of dotted engraving on rocky ridges, which were discovered in the mountains of Kara-Too, a part of the mountain range of Tian Shan in Kyrgyzstan, and provides a brief description of another similar composition. Results. We summarized the primary events of researching rock graphic arts compositions in mountains, particularly those located in the northern part of the Kyrgyz Republic. The first imagery group, which was discovered at the site Kara-Too, demonstrates a dismounted archer wearing a rounded head-dress and keeping a bow and arrow in his hand, with a bow quiver hung to his belt, and a profile imagery of a hoofed animal with two protuberances on its back, which probably means that the animal is a camel. The second petroglyphic composition shows two archers with bows and arrows in their hands, who are hunting goats. We also give a brief description of the third multi-figure composition present at this petroglyphic location. It includes an imagery of a horseman, some horses, a dog, mountain goats and sheep or Altai argali, as well as a construction with walls and a double-pitch roof. Conclusion. The images of humans and animals in the petroglyphic composition of Kara-Too, which were described in the article, apparently relate to the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.

Abstract:

To better understand how a species known to thermoregulate behaviorally switches among microsites and habitats in response to weather and snow, we studied influences of weather and snow conditions on resting by the American marten, Martes americana. Vertical location of resting sites varied with air temperature and snowfall during the previous 24 h. Subnivean resting was most likely when air temperature was low and when recent snowfall had been heavy, and tended to be in stands dominated by spruce-fir. Supranivean resting tended to occur when weather was warmer and when recent snowfall had been light, and tended to occur in stands dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), the predominant conifer in the study area. Fidelity of martens to resting sites varied with season; martens reused sites more in winter than in spring, hypothetically a result of trading-off increased energy savings accrued from using a few especially efficient sites against longer distances traveled to reach them. Such travel may not be rewarded in warm weather. Stand characteristics associated with resting in cold snowy winter periods are typical of low disturbance frequencies, including old-growth conditions in the Rocky Mountains.

Abstract:

Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a native species west of the Rocky Mountains that has become noxious as its area increased ten times in the last 140 years. Restoration of the landscapes affected by the spread of juniper through harvesting poses several challenges related to the sparse spatial distribution (trees per hectare) of the resource. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to develop a harvest scheduling strategy that converts the western juniper from a noxious species to a timber resource. We propose a procedure that aggregates individual trees into elementary harvest units by considering the location of each tree. Using the coordinates of each harvest unit and its corresponding landing, we developed a spatially explicit algorithm that aims at the maximization of net revenue from juniper harvest. We applied the proposed landscape restoration approach to two areas of similar size and geomorphology. We implemented the restoration algorithm using two heuristics: simulated annealing and record-to-record travel. To account for the closeness to the mill, we considered two prices at the landing for the juniper: 45 USD/ton and 65 USD/ton. Our results suggest that restoration is possible at higher prices, but it is economically infeasible when prices are low. Simulated annealing outperformed record-to-record travel in both study areas and for both prices. Our approach and formulation to the restoration of landscapes invaded by western juniper could be applied to similar instances where complex stand structures preclude the use of traditional forest stand-level harvest scheduling and require a more granular approach.

Abstract:

Introduction. I. A. Efremov (1907–1972) known as the science-fiction writer was first of all a prominent geoscientist and palaeonthologist. Goal. The goal of the article is to analyze the descriptions of antiquities and ethnographic descriptions of Mongolia in I. A. Efremov’s book “The Road of Winds” (1955), that represents the edited notes of the scientist’s paleonthological expeditions and travels in Mongolia in 1946, 1948 and 1949. Results. I. A. Efremov in his book follows the established tradition of the descriptions of travels along the steppes, mountains and deserts. The book contains the description of the old Ulan-Bator, Khangai Mountains, the characteristics of the roads in Mongolia in their conditions and historical perspective, the recordings of the anthropological and archaeological findings. The different observations of the scientist related to the Mongolian ethnography are of great value, the author often points out the cultural phenomena that were not found in ethnographic research. I. A. Efremov’s travel notes were influenced by the way of traveling in the country (during the expeditions people traveled by trucks) as well as the time of reorganization of the economy, culture and lifestyle in Mongolia.

Abstract:

AbstractNational park visitors travel primarily to view natural features while outdoors; however, visits often occur in warmer months when lightning is present. This study uses cloud-to-ground flashes from 1999 to 2018 and cloud-to-ground strokes from 2009 to 2018 from the National Lightning Detection Network to identify lightning at the 46 contiguous United States national parks larger than 100 km2. The largest density is 6.10 flashes per kilometer squared per year within Florida’s Everglades, and the smallest is near zero in Pinnacles National Park. The six most-visited parks are Great Smoky Mountains, Grand Canyon, Rocky Mountain, Zion, Yosemite, and Yellowstone. For each of these parks, lightning data are described by frequency and location as well as time of year and day. The four parks west of the Continental Divide have most lightning from 1 July to 15 September and from 1100 to 1900 LST. Each park has its own spatial lightning pattern that is dependent on local topography. Deaths and injuries from lightning within national parks have the same summer afternoon dominance shown by lightning data. Most casualties occur to people visiting from outside the parks’ states. The most common activities and locations are mountain climbing, hiking, and viewing canyons from overlooks. Lightning fatality risk, the product of areal visitor and CG flash densities, shows that many casualties are not in parks with high risk, while very small risk indicates parks where lightning awareness efforts can be minimized. As a result, safety advice should focus on specific locations such as canyon rims, mountains, and exposed high-altitude roads where lightning-vulnerable activities are engaged in by many visitors.

Abstract:

The article is devoted to the publication of new monuments of rock art in the Kairakkol mountains and the Aksu river valley, located in the Aksu district of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Geographically, the mountains are part of the Dzhungar Alatau system and are located in the eastern Semirechye. A description of three engravings and a group of three clusters of geometric signs is given. The drawings were discovered during exploration work in the vicinity of the Late Pazyryk burial ground of Tausamaly in 2020 and 2021 in the western spurs of the mountain Kairakkol, rocky outcrops of the Suuk plateau, and the mountain valley of the Aksu river. As a result of the area examination, it was possible to record a large number of petroglyphs dating back from the Bronze Age to the ethnographic time. Much of it definitely dates back to the early Iron Age and the Middle Ages. A large group of tamgas and tamga-like signs was found near the burial ground. Several petroglyphs stand out clearly among other petroglyphs, which have pictorial analogies in southern Siberia, eastern regions of Central Asia, and China. The list includes an anthropomorphic figure with a complex hairstyle or in a complex headdress, a rider about a two-horse, and a dragon. They are adjoined by three drawings, including geometric figures (simple lines, circular signs), knockouts of various types and shapes, holes, images of animals, and, in one case, a rider. They form complex compositions of ideogrammatic nature. A comparative historical analysis of the drawings shows the cultural ties of their creators with the nomads of Altai, the Minusinsk Basin, and, possibly, with the tribes of Northern China. The drawings are tentatively dated to the end of the 1st millennium BC or the border of two eras.

Abstract:

AbstractThe nine species of the endemic North American Agabus seriatus-group are revised. All species occur west of the Rocky Mountains with A. lugens LeConte also occurring on the Great Plains and A. seriatus (Say) transcontinental in mid-latitudes. The species are placed in four subgroups, namely the seriates-subgroup with A. seriatus, A. lugens, and A. perplexus Sharp; the brevicollis-subgroup with A. brevicollis LeConte, A. pandurus Leech, and A. roguus new species; the ilybiiformis-subgroup with the single species A. ilybiiformis Zimmermann; and the regularis-subgroup with A. regularis LeConte and A. minnesotensis Wallis. Geographical variation in A. seriatus is analyzed and it is concluded that recognition of subspecies of A. seriatus is not warranted and A. s. intersectus (Crotch), NEW SYNONYMY, is relegated to a synonym of A. seriatus. For each species the following is provided: synonymy; description and illustration of taxonomically useful characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of collection localities. A key to species is provided and lectotypes designated for A. brevicollis LeConte, A. lugens LeConte, A. perplexus Sharp, Gaurodytes suturalis Crotch (= A. lugens), and Ilybius regularis LeConte.

Abstract:

The paper presents description of new syntaxa of pertrophyte associations from West Caucasus lime­stone massifs. The work is based on the author’s long-term observations between years 1998 and 2003, made in the basins of the rivers Belaya, Bolshaja Laba and Malaya Laba within the National Nature Park «Bol­shoi Tkhach» and limestone massifs of Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve. Original geobotanical rele­veйs have been used for the classification. Collec­tion and material processing involved Braun-Blanqet me­thod. The size of sampling plots varied from 4 to 25 m2. The paper is based upon 120 releveés. New syntaxa names have been given in accordance with the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber et al., 2000). Ass. Veronica minutae—Chaerophylletum humilis Onipchenko 2002 is common for upper alpine belt of the Reserve and distributed over mobile calcareous screes at 2400—2800 m alt. occupying small areas of Oshten, Fisht, Pshekha-Su and Yatygvarta mountains. Ass. Helianthemetum cani ass. nov. includes open chionophobic groupings of alpine belt, developing on windward mountain slopes and crests at 2000—2800 m alt., occurs on rocky outcrops and dry sedentary screes, and covers significant areas of Lagonaki Pla­teau, mountains Bolshoi Tkhach, Yatygvarta and Snegovalka Ridge. These open associations preferen­tially occupy slopes of «warm» (southern, southern-west, southern-east) expositions of different abruptness from almost horizontal up to 70° (in average 25°). Ass. Saxifragetum sibiricae typicum Onipchenko et Lubez­nova 2002 includes chionophytic groupings of seden­tary screes, characterized by significant snow accu­mulation in winter, forms patches of vegetation around snowbeds and glaciers of Lagonaki Plateau in the Reserve, occurs sporadically on the studied territory. Ass. Saxifragetum sibiricae arabidetosum caucasicae subass. nov. combines open communities of alpine belt at unstable damp rocky substrates and predominantly occupies abrupt slopes (20—35°) of northern—nor­thern-east exposition of damp, slightly mobile screes close to glaciers at 2000—2700 м alt. on Lagonaki Plateau in the Reserve. Ass. Saxifrago cartilagineae—Asplenietum rutae-murariae ass. nov. occurs on rocks in subalpine belt predominantly on abrupt slopes (20—90°, average 69°) of different expositions at 1400—1700 m alt. on Lagonaki Plateau in the Reserve. Ass. Valeriana saxicolae—Helianthemetum cani ass. nov. includes plant communities of limestone rocks occupying abrupt slopes (20—70°, in average 53°) of predominantly southern expositions at 2000—2700 m alt. on Lagonaki Plateau, Triu-Yatygvarta massif, mountain Bolshoi Tkhach.

Abstract:

Glaciation has been a powerful determiner of species distributions and the genetic structure of populations. Contemporary distributions of many organisms in North America’s Western Cordillera reflect the influence of Pleistocene glaciation. We identified a pattern of north–south differentiation in the genus Prosimulium of western North America, which reflects the separation of northern and southern populations by the North American Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene Epoch. The taxonomic implication is that new species exist within nominal species, requiring formal description or revalidation of names currently in synonymy. We morphologically and cytogenetically examined populations of one nominal species of black fly, Prosimulium esselbaughi Sommerman, over its known range from Alaska south to California and Colorado. Chromosomal and morphological evidence supports the presence of two species, P. esselbaughi sensu stricto from Alaska to at least southern British Columbia, and a new species, Prosimulium supernum in the central Rocky Mountains and high Sierra Nevada range of the United States. The new species is described in all life stages above the egg, along with its polytene chromosomes. The existence of differentiated populations of other nominal species of black flies in northern and southern North America provides a system for investigating possible co-differentiation of vectors and parasites.

Abstract:

Aim: promotion of the walking route by the Chornohora Ridge of the Ukrainian Carpathians in the section from Hoverla to Pip Ivan mountain. Methods: observation, measurement, description, comparison, analysis, analogy, cartographic, statistical. Based on radar survey data SRTM and Global Mapper program it was created a three-dimensional image of the studied region. The SAS.Planet program was used to measure distances. Results: A three-dimensional image of the Ukrainian Carpathians was created using SRTM data. The main information about the highest Chornohirskyi Ridge in these mountains was presented. The route from Hoverla to Pip Ivan mountain is described. It is proposed to call it the Chernohirskyi Trail. Data on the height of the terrain at the beginning and end of the route are shown. A brief description of the tourist attractions on the trail is provided, including lakes Nesamovyte and Brebeneskul. Information on the meteorological and at the same time astronomical observatory "White Elephant", which was built on the eve of the Second World War was presented. Modern measures for its restoration are described, in particular as to installation of an automated meteorological station on its roof. Based on observations on nearby meteorological stations, the climatic conditions on the route were identified. Data about air temperature in January and in the warm period of the year are presented. The features of air temperature changes, depending on elevation, are established. Data on the amount of precipitation at existing meteorological stations in the mountains are provided. Information on the height of snow cover was presented. The features of snow formation and its disappearance in the southeastern part of the Ukrainian Carpathians are shown. Scientific novelty. The hiking route by the Chornohora Ridge of the Ukrainian Carpathians is substantiated as brand of Ukrainian hiking tourism. The expediency of traffic from Hoverla to Pip Ivan has been proved. It was found that at altitudes above 1000 m the decrease in air temperature in July is 0.40 C per 100 m altitude, in August – 0.30 C per 100 m. It is substantiated that the best time to travel along the Chornohirskyi Ridge is August. The significant distribution of snow cover on the Chornohirskyi Ridge, which is the highest within the Ukrainian Carpathians, is shown. Practical significance: popularization of tourism in the Ukrainian Carpathians, providing tourists with information to make travel more interesting and safe.

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AbstractSpecies of Agabus of the lutosus-, obsoletus-, and fuscipennis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Members of the lutosus- and obsoletus-groups are restricted to the Cordilleran and Great Plains regions of temperate western North America. Within this region, the species of each group are largely parapatric. Three species are assigned to the lutosus-group: A. lutosus LeConte along the Pacific Coast; A. griseipennis LeConte in the Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, and Great Plains regions; and A. rumppi Leech in the southern deserts. Agabus lutosus and A. griseipennis hybridize in the Pacific Northwest; A. lutosus mimus Leech is synonymized with A. lutosus. The obsoletus-group contains five species: A. obsoletus LeConte, A. morosus LeConte, and A. ancillus Fall along the Pacific Coast and the Sierra Nevada Mountains; A. hoppingi Leech in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; and A. obliteratus LeConte, containing two subspecies, A. o. obliteratus and A. o. nectris Leech, new status, with a wide range including the Great Plains and Cordillera but not reaching the Pacific Coast. The four species of the fuscipennis-group, A. ajax Fall, A. coxalis Sharp, A. fuscipennis (Paykull), and A. infuscatus Aubé, are boreal and all except A. ajax are Holarctic. Agabus coxalis is restricted to northwestern North America, the other three species are transcontinental.For each species the following information is provided: synonymy, description, and illustrations of taxonomically important characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. Group diagnoses and keys to the species of each group are presented. A correction to the key to species groups of North American Agabus (Larson 1989) is made with the addition of a couplet to include the obsoletus-group. Lectotypes are designated for A. discolor LeConte and A. obliteratus LeConte.

Abstract:

Abstract Background Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to tick borne illnesses is rarely reported. Clinical signs and symptoms of tick borne illnesses and HLH might overlap with fever, cytopenias and increased liver enzymes being common. We describe findings from case series of ehrlichiosis induced HLH. Methods We reviewed patients with ICD-10 codes corresponding to a diagnosis of HLH or macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) at University of University of Kentucky Medical Center between January 2008 and April 2020. Inpatients who were >18 years of age without known immune compromise were included. 4 cases with confirmed underlying ehrlichiosis were identified at our institution. We searched PubMed for English-language articles containing the terms “ Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis “ and “infection” or “tick borne” or “Ehrlichia”. Data on patient demographics, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory data such as ferritin, platelet count, Il-2, NK cell activity, and outcomes were collected. Results We identified 16 cases of ehrlichiosis (1 had a coinfection with Rocky Mountain Spotted fever). Eleven out of 6 (68%) were male, median age was 58. All patients were febrile and thrombocytopenic on presentation and 8/14 (57%) were neutropenic. All had elevated ferritin (mean 36187 ng/mL, range 860 – more than 100000). CNS involvement was reported in 4 patients with a positive CSF Ehrlichia chaffensis PCR. All patients met at least 5 2004-HLH defining criteria and 10/14 (71%) patients had evidence of hemophagocytosis on bone marrow biopsy (table 1). Fourteen out of 15 (93%) patients received doxycycline and 9/15 (60%) received steroids +/- etoposide. Mortality for Ehrlichia induced HLH was 12.5%, significantly lower than that reported for all secondary HLH mortality (45%). Conclusion This review highlights the importance of considering Ehrilichiosis as a cause of HLH in endemic areas particularly as clinical signs and symptoms of the 2 entities overlap. While overall mortality rate due to HLH is elevated, Ehrlichia induced HLH seems to have a much favorable prognosis with prompt institution antimicrobial treatment. Additional prognostic factors that correlate with a more severe course dictate need for immunosuppressive treatment need to be further elucidated. Disclosures Gerhard Hildebrandt, MD, Bayer, Scotts-Miracle, Charlottes Webb CWBHF, Almmune Therapeutics Inc AIMT, Medical PPTYS TR Inc. MPW, Caretrust Reit Inc CTRE, ANGI Homeservices Inc (Shareholder)Bristil-Myers Squibb/Medarex, Crispr therapeutics, IDEXX Laboratories, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, Vertex (Shareholder)Falk Foundation, Incyte, Takeda (Other Financial or Material Support, Travel, Accommodations, Expenses)Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Incyte, Morphosys, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics (Consultant)Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pharmacyclics, Incyte, AstraZeneca (Grant/Research Support)Novartis, Insys Therapeutics, Abbvie, GW Pharmaceuticals, Cardinal Health, Clovis Oncology, Cellectis, CVS Health, Celgene, Bluebird Bio (Shareholder)

Abstract:

Allium yingshanense, a new late-flowering diploid species (2n = 16), is described from the Dabie Mountains (east-central China). It grows on moist rock slopes along river banks in forests or rocky cliffs with an aggregated distribution. Morphologically, it is distinctly different from all known species of the Chinese Allium by its outer and inner filaments with 1-toothed on each side, which is fairly rare in the entire genus Allium, suggesting it is an independent species. The ITS phylogenetic analysis further reveals that the new species is most closely related to A. longistylum and A. flavovirens, which is also highly congruent with their overall morphological and chromosomal similarities, supporting placing the new species into A. subg. Cepa according to the current infrageneric classification of Allium. It is easily distinguished from A. longistylum and A. flavovirens particularly by filaments, inner and outer tepal characters at the specific level. Additionally, A. longistylum is proven to be endemic to China and morphologically quite different from the Korean ‘A. longistylum’ in bulb, leaf and floral characteristics, and not a member of A. sect. Sacculiferum or sect. Condensatum formerly suggested. The inclusion of the new species A. yingshanense along with A. longistylum into the newly proposed A. sect. Flavovirens typified by A. flavovirens, although possible from our data, as well as the formal description of the section seem premature especially given that there is substantial incongruence between taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of A. subg. Cepa.

Abstract:

Vitis adenoclada Hand.-Mazz is a special wild grape resource that is often confused with Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult in research or production practice, and there are few comprehensive studies on this species in recent years. “Gui Heizhenzhu No. 3” (GH3), as a new germplasm of V. adenoclada found in Guangxi, China, has many advantages, such as good quality and strong adaptability. In this paper, an attempt was made to introduce the breeding process of GH3, including a brief description of its botanical characteristics and its cultivation and management techniques in karst rocky desertification mountains. Meanwhile, its quality-related parameters were evaluated by widely targeted metabolomic analysis. This study indicated that GH3 had the typical botanical characteristics of V. adenoclada, but with larger fruit and a higher sugar content compared to wild or other V. adenoclada grape varieties. Metabolomic study of the target variety showed that glucose and citric acid were the main sugar and acid components in fully ripened berries. Moreover, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside presented as the characteristic anthocyanin. In addition, B-ring dihydroxylation was more active than trihydroxylation in the GH3 berry. Several of its botanical and quality characteristics highlight the unique genetic background of this variety. Thus, it has an important guiding significance and a scientific theoretical basis for identifying, exploiting, and utilizing East Asian wild grape resources.

Abstract:

Abstract Narrow regions of intense, banded snowfall present hazardous travel conditions due to rapid onset, high precipitation rates, and lowered visibility. Despite their importance, there are few verification studies of snowbands in operational forecast models. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model to predict snowbands in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. An automated band-detection algorithm was applied to a 3-yr period of simulated and observed radar reflectivity to compare snowband climatologies. This algorithm uses the distributions of reflectivities in contiguous precipitation regions to determine a band intensity threshold. The predictability of snowbands on a case-by-case basis was also evaluated using an object-oriented approach. The distribution of HRRR forecast banding resembles that of the observations, but with a significant positive frequency bias. This may partially be due to underrepresentation of observed bands in our verification dataset due to limited radar coverage in portions of the central United States. On a case-by-case basis, traditional skill metrics indicate limited predictability, but allowing for small timing discrepancies dramatically improves scores. Object-oriented verification yields mixed results, with 30% of forecasts receiving a score indicative of a well-predicted event. However, 69% of cases have at least one forecast lead demonstrating skill, suggesting the HRRR is successful in depicting environments conducive to band formation. These results suggest adopting a probabilistic, ensemble approach, and indicate that the deterministic HRRR is best suited for the identification of regions of elevated snowband risk and not precise timing or location information.

Abstract:

Shovel-nosed Salamanders, Desmognathus marmoratus (Moore, 1899), were long thought to represent a single species from the southern Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, ranging from northeastern Georgia to extreme southwestern Virginia. These populations have a highly derived ecomorphology, being fully aquatic with a specialized flattened and elongated phenotype adapted to rocky riffle zones in fast-flowing, high-gradient mountain streams. Because of this, they were originally described in a separate genus, Leurognathus Moore, 1899. Four additional species or subspecies were described from 1928–1956 based on regional geographic variation in phenotype before being synonymized with L. marmoratus in 1962, which was reassigned to Desmognathus in 1996. Molecular analyses subsequently revealed four distinct candidate lineages in two distantly related clades, which were recently re-delimited into three species. These are D. aureatus (Martof, 1956) from northeastern Georgia, D. intermedius (Pope, 1928) from western North Carolina, and D. marmoratus from northwestern North Carolina. We provide a systematic revision of these taxa, which do not represent a natural group but instead exhibit convergent phenotypes across multiple species, potentially driven by ancient episodes of adaptive introgression between ancestral lineages. Our recent fieldwork revealed an astonishingly disjunct and morphologically distinct population of D. marmoratus in the New River Gorge of West Virginia, which were previously confused with D. kanawha Pyron and Beamer, 2022. This locality is ~120 airline km away from the nearest populations of D. marmoratus in Virginia. No Shovel-nosed Salamanders have ever been found in the New River drainage during our extensive previous explorations or credibly reported in museum specimens or the literature. Additional cryptic populations of these taxa may remain.

Abstract:

The article specifies the type locality of the Steppe Ribbon Racer. The holotype Coluber (Taphrometopon) lineolatus Brandt, 1838 is stored in the reptile collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ZISP No 2042). Literature sources provide different information about the type locality. A mistake has been made in the title of the work with the original species description: the western coast of the sea was indicated instead of the eastern one. The place of capture was indicated as “M. Caspium” (Caspian Sea) on the label and in the reptile inventory book of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. The specimen was sent to the museum by G.S. Karelin. The “1842” indicated on the labels and in the inventory book cannot be the year of capture of the type specimen, just as the “1837” indicated by A.M. Nikolsky. In 1837, Karelin was in Saint Petersburg and in 1842 in Siberia. Most likely, 1837 is the year when the collection arrived at the Museum, and 1842 is the year when the information about the specimen was recorded in the inventory book (catalog) of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. In our opinion, the holotype was caught in 1932. From Karelin’s travel notes of the expedition to the Caspian Sea in 1832, follows that the snake was recorded in two regions adjacent to the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea – Ungoza Mountain (“Mangyshlak Mountains”) and site of the Western Chink of Ustyurt between Zhamanairakty and Kyzyltas Mountains (inclusive) on the northeast coast of Kaydak Sor (“Misty Mountains”). In our article, Karelin’s route to the northeastern coast of the Caspian Sea in 1832 and photographs of these localities are given. The type locality of Psammophis lineolatus (Brandt, 1838) should be restricted to the Mangystau Region of the Kazakhstan: Ungoza Mountain south of Sarytash Gulf, Mangystau (Mangyshlak) Penninsula (44°26´ N, 51°12´ E).

Abstract:

Cavinula Mann & Stickle is small genus presently comprising 25 taxa distinguished by the linear to round-elliptical valve shape, uniseriate striae, presence of nodules and distinctive terminal pores. Most often the species from the genus have been reported from colder northern or alpine oligotrophic aquatic systems, or moist sub-aerial habitats. Observation of samples from different localities reveals fourteen Cavinula taxa are distributed across North America. Descriptions of confirmed species including designated types are provided with regard to their taxonomy, autecology, and distribution in Canada and USA. Light and Scanning Electron Microscope observations of different samples and type material reveal high morphological variation within some of the taxa. Two and three morphotypes are recognized within C. cocconeiformis and C. pseudoscutiformis. Cavinula kernii and C. maculata are recognized as new species and formal description and differential diagnosis are presented. The biogeography of the genus Cavinula in North America is represented by three groups of species. The first group comprises taxa with more restricted distribution in oligotrophic, cold and/or alpine environments from the Arctic Archipelago and the Rocky Mountains in western North America. The second group comprises more tolerant species with broader distributions across a wider range of ecological conditions. The third group from south-eastern North America, represented by C. maculata, is found in low pH and specific conductance conditions with low nutrients. Globally, forty-one percent of the known taxa are present in North America. This number is subject to change after a better understanding of the different morphotypes and global taxa distributions.

Abstract:

On the history of mountain-related topics in Czech literature: František Palacký and Milota Zdirad PolákThe literature of the Czech national revival produced a unique type of cestopis travel account, which, from a Polish point of view, could be regarded as an equivalent of accounts of Polish Romantic travels of fellow countrymen across their country. In the Czech literature we can distinguish a clear thematic group associated with the Karkonosze mountains. It includes M.S. Patrčky’s O Krkonošských horách 1823, Josef Myslimír Ludvík’s Myslimír, po horách krkonošských putující 1824, Karel Slavoj Amerling’s Cesta na Sněžku 1832, Karel Hynek Mácha’s Pouť Krkonošská 1833–34, František Tomsa Přátelské dopisy z cesty na Sněžku 1845, Josef Frič’s Cesta přes Friedland na Krkonoše 1846, and Karel Hanuš’s Cesta na Sněžku 1847. These works testify to an expansion of themes tackled by literature during the so-called national revival. Characteristic forms of the period conformed to the Classical, pre-Romantic and Romantic conventions. One of the most interesting themes tackled by literature in those days were the mountains. In line with the spirit of national revival, the Czech cult of the domestic was expressed in the linking of the homeland and its landscape with important aspects of Czech national identity. This convention of referring, as means of self-identification, to spatial symbolism and its vocabulary was visible in the Czech and Slovak culture in several aspects. The vocabulary of Czech national symbols now included the Karkonosze mountains, Šumava or the Bohemian Forest, the Tatras and the Blanik hill. František Palacký referred to landscape-linked symbolism in his ode Na horu Radhošť, added to his youthful work, written together with Pavel Josef Šafařík, Počátkové českého básnictví obzvláště prosodie 1818. The poem formally served as an example illustrating theoretical analyses of poetry included in the study in question. Using the fact that Radhošť was a mountain in Moravia, Palacký included the mountain as a motif in a rather unique founding myth associated with the local Moravian patriotism. Thus mountains became a representative motif of the literature of the Czech national revival. When it comes to Czech poetry, mountain motifs were introduced into it on a broader scale for the first time by Milota Zdirad Polák Matěj Polák, 1788–1856 in his descriptive poem Vznešenost přírody 1819. Polák’s novelty lay in his introduction into Czech literature of a new genre, descriptive poem, as well as linguistic experiments neologisms thanks to which he developed his own poetic language. Using the category of the sublime as a tool to interpret the natural phenomena he described, Polák sought to demonstrate the richness of the forms of the world, their complexity and diversity. That is why the catalogue of motifs he used is vast. It accorded an appropriate place to the mountains with a brave attempt to concretise their motif: fragments of the poem deal with the Alps, a description of the Karkonosze mountains is highlighted and there is also a motif of volcanic eruption. Undoubtedly the most interesting and artistically the most valuable is an extensive fragment of the poem devoted to the Karkonosze mountains. The fear of the horror of high mountains, the Alps, described in the poem, found its equivalent in the writings of Jan Kollár 1793–1852, who presented his emotions associated with his stay in the Alps in an account of an 1841 journey to Italy Cestopis obsahující cestu do Horní Italie a odtud přes Tyrolsko a Bavorsko, se zvláštním ohledem na slavjanské živly roku 1841 konanou, Budin 1843. Both writers, Polák and Kollár, were hugely impressed by the mountains, but this did not lead to any Romantic reflection on their part.

Abstract:

Riparian ecology research in Arizona and California has documented the likelihood of a subsurface linkage between irrigation, especially flood-irrigation, and riparian function (Smith et al. 1989; Stromberg et al. 1996). Initial groundwater monitoring results from rural New Mexico indicate water tables rose 1 to 2m after the onset of field irrigation and subsurface flow paths towards the Rio Grande River developed soon after (Fernald et al. 2008). Results from a study of wetlands in southeastern Wyoming suggest that declining flood-irrigation levels would lead to a reduction in the total area of wetlands and related areas of wetland vegetation types in the Laramie Basin (Peck and Lovvorm 2001). Stringham et al. (1998) have reported further evidence for a linkage between irrigation and riparian function. These Oregon researchers noted lower water temperatures in stream reaches receiving subsurface return flows from irrigated hayfields than similar reaches flowing through non-irrigated lands. This information is timely because Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) managers have begun an evaluation of historic irrigation operations within the Park and are endeavoring to learn how cessation of flood irrigation will affect Park wetlands. The historically irrigated hayfields at the Elk Ranch provide an opportunity to address the Park Service's informational needs through identification of vegetation composition, soil physical characteristics and groundwater patterns associated with irrigated and naturally occurring wetlands. Successful description of patterns unique to natural wetlands will provide an avenue for predicting which Park wetlands would remain functional should irrigation efforts be brought to a close. Development of criteria for identifying naturally occurring wetlands could also serve as a basis for identifying areas for wetland mitigation and rehabilitation elsewhere in GTNP and the mountain valleys of the Northern Rocky Mountains.

Abstract:

The activity of walking through hilly country for pleasure. He is an avid athlete and loves mountain walking. Mountaineering is a terrifying quest used for mathematical optimization problems in the field of artificial intelligence. Given a large input and a good horistic function, it tries to find a good enough solution to the problem. The mountaineering algorithm consists of three parts, where the global maximum or optimal solution cannot be reached: the local maximum, the ridge and the plateau. The trek is not complete or optimal, the time complex of O (∞) but the space complex of O (b). There is no special processing data system as mountaineering rejects old nodes. Trekking in the Alps or other high mountains. This is not an efficient method. This does not apply to problems where the value of the horticultural function suddenly decreases while the solution is in view. First-choice trekking enables balanced trekking by randomly creating heirs until something better than the current situation develops. Whenever this is a good strategy there are many (e.g., thousands) heirs in a state. So the first preferred mountain climbing is a special type Random mountain climbing. Description. This is a robust mountaineering algorithm. A person is initiated approximately. When the individual reaches a local optimal state a new solution is created approximately and mountaineering begins again. The best first search is a traversal technique, which checks which node is the most reliable and decides which node to visit next by checking it. To this end, it uses the appraisal function to determine travel. Climbing is used to describe traditional ‘siege’ techniques, where you will climb the mountain several times before being driven to the summit. Albinism, on the other hand, focuses on 'fast and light' climbs. Free climbing was created to describe any style of climbing that is not AIDS related. ... In free climbing, the climber moves the wall under their own force without the use of any special gear (except for the climbing shoes) to help them move upwards. Climbers can only survive for a short time in the 'death zone' at 8000 m and above, where there are numerous challenges. Deep cracks, avalanches, cliffs and snowflakes make the high form of trekking a very dangerous endeavor. Caldwell and George's son use headlamps to illuminate their way, climbing at night when the temperature is cold - meaning their hands sweat less and there is more friction between their rubber shoes and granite. According to the author, climbing mountains is a very difficult task for people and they enjoy crossing obstacles. Mountaineering is neither complete nor optimal, the time complex of O (∞) but the space complex of O (b). There is no special processing data system as mountaineering rejects old nodes

Abstract:

Goal. Development of a two-day educational hike with student youth along one of the most visited ranges of the Carpathians - the Svidovets massif. Training in a competent approach to the organization and conduct of mountain hiking, trouble-free passage of routes. Advanced training in the field of travel, students who master the curriculum within the Faculty of Geography. Where training is provided for tourist sections, clubs, tour operators and other tourist organizations. The research methodology is based on the application of the methodology for the development of hiking tourist routes. Methods of description, comparison, analysis and generalization were also used. In determining the specific sub-area within which the route was laid, cartographic materials were used: tourist map «Svydivets» (2018) scale 1:50000 and mobile application Mapy.cz. Accordingly, with their help, the relief of the territory was assessed and the need to use certain technical means to pass the track was determined. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a two-day educational walking route as an element of the educational process. This training route is a logical continuation of the disciplines «School Tourism» and «Geography of Outdoor and Indoor Correction» in the formation of relevant practical skills. The formation of skills is a logical final element of the formation of the relevant competencies of the modern student: knowledge (obtaining in lectures) - skills (performing tasks in seminars) - skills (application of acquired knowledge and skills in practice). Results. A two-day walking tourist route has been developed in the Svidovets massif with the «conquest» of the very top of Mount Bolshaya Bliznitsa. This route was completed on July 15-16, 2019 by 2nd year students of the Faculty of Geography of KNUTSh specialties «geography of recreation and tourism», «secondary education» and «regional development management». Accordingly, the planned hike for students allowed to gain some knowledge in the field of behavior in the mountain environment, learn certain rules, regulations in the organization of sports tourism, which in the future will increase the safety of hiking and active tours in the mountains. The practical value lies in the formation of skills for organizing and conducting hiking tours, movement in mountainous areas, organizing a camp, cooking food in the field. This route is included in the professionally oriented practice for 2nd year students of the Faculty of Geography of the specialties «recreational geography and tourism» and «secondary education».

Abstract:

The study analyzes an important fragment from the text of Ibn Battuta, which can be identified as relating to the south-east of Ukraine, which for a long time was absent in Russian language translations of memoirs. The purposeof the research is to find the facts from the history of Russia described by comparing Ibn Battuta’s translations, and to use the methods of related sciences to identify objects mentioned by the traveler as belonging to the south-east of Ukraine. The methods of research are based on a comparative analysis of the English translation of Ibn Battuta in the early 19th century. comparing it to Russian translations written at the same time. Having singled out the text that was “abbreviated” in the early Russian translations, we identify the areas described by the traveler thanks to the existing data on the geology of Ukraine. Results: 1) the silver ingots of the Ruthenians mentioned by Ibn Battuta (suwam), according to the description and the named weight correspond to the Kyiv hryvnia of the 12th–13th centuries; 2) the way of travel from the Tatar capital to the Azov and Tavria described by the traveler identifies the “Ruthenian Mountains” as an element of the landscape in the south-east of Ukraine; 3) the geological data allow further identification of these mountains as the Donets Ridge, according to information about silver deposits in the Donbas; 4) these facts, together with materials on the locations of the Crimea, were in one form or another omitted in Russian translations of memoirs. Conclusions: 1) the Kyiv hryvnia continued to be used in Ukraine in the 14th century. and was recognized in the Golden Horde; 2) silver deposits in Donetsk region could have been a source of Ruthenian silver mining, possibly in the past as well (minting of silver coins by Vladimir the Great); 3) the region was strongly associated with Ruthenia, the Tatars called it the “Ruthenians’ mountains”, belonging to, or associated with “their country”; 4) further research is required on why the excerpts regarding the weight of “suwam”, allowing to identify it as the Kiev hryvnia, were hidden for Russian language readers until 1884, and those on Saltuk the diviner, which show more details on Crimean and Azov geography and history of Muslim settlement, were changed in translation.Key words: Donbas, Donets Ridge, Crimea, memoirs, travelogue, Pryazovia. У дослідженні аналізується важливий фрагмент із тексту Ібн Баттути, який можна ідентифікувати як такий, що стосується південного сходу України, але при цьому тривалий час його не наводили в російськомовних перекладах мемуарів. Мета дослідження – шляхом порівняння перекладів Ібн Баттути знайти описані ним факти з історії Русі, а також за допомогою методів суміжних наук ідентифікувати згадані мандрівником об’єкти як такі, що стосуються південного сходу України. Методи дослідження ґрунтуються на компаративному аналізі англомовного перекладу Ібн Баттути початку XIX ст. порівняно з російськими «ровісниками». Шляхом виокремлення тексту, який було «скорочено» в ранніх російських перекладах, ми ідентифікуємо окреслені мандрівником території завдяки дослідженим даним із геології України. Результати дослідження: 1) згадані Ібн Баттутою срібні злитки русинів (сувам, саум, суми) за описом і названою вагою відповідають київській гривні XII–XIII ст.; 2) описаний мандрівником шлях подорожі з татарської столиці до Візантії ідентифікує «Руські гори» як елемент ландшафту на південному сході України; 3) дані геології дають змогу надалі ідентифікувати ці гори як Донецький кряж (згідно з інформацією про родовища срібла на Донбасі); 4) ці дані разом із матеріалами про локації Криму були в тому чи іншому вигляді скорочені в російськомовних перекладах мемуарів. Висновки: 1) київська гривня продовжувала використовуватися в Україні в XIV ст. та була визнана в Золотій Орді; 2) срібні родовища Донеччини могли бути джерелом руського видобутку срібла, можливо, і в минулі століття (карбування срібної монети Володимиром); 3) зазначений регіон настільки міцно асоціювався з Руссю, що татари звали його «горами Русів», визначали як належний до «їхньої країни» або пов’язаний із ними; 4) подальшого дослідження вимагає з’ясування того, чому матеріали про вагу «сувам», які дають можливість ідентифікувати його як київську гривню, приховувалися в російському перекладі до 1884 р., а матеріали про Салтука-віщуна, які дають змогу більш детально розкрити особливості кримської і приазовської географії та історію мусульманського заселення, були змінені.Ключові слова: Донбас, Донецький кряж, Крим, мемуари, травелог, Приазов’я.

Abstract:

A 78-year-old man with dementia experienced waxing and waning of symptoms with changes in altitude as he traveled from his home in the Rocky Mountains to lower elevations and back. To replicate the improvement in his symptoms with travel to lower elevations (higher pressure), the patient was treated with a near-identical repressurization in a hyperbaric chamber using compressed air. With four 1-h treatments at 1.3 Atmospheres Absolute (ATA) and concurrent administration of low-dose oral glutathione amino acid precursors, he recovered speech and showed improvement in activities of daily living. Regional broadcast media had documented his novel recovery. Nosocomial COVID-19 and withdrawal of hyperbaric air therapy led to patient demise 7 months after initiation of treatment. It is theorized that hyperbaric air therapy stimulated mitochondrial biochemical and physical changes, which led to clinical improvement.

Abstract:

Abstract Dermacentor variabilis is the most widely distributed three-host tick in North America, and transmits a variety of pathogens. Within the United States, this species has a discontinuous distribution, widespread east of the Rocky Mountains and with a few populations west of the Rockies. Phylogenetic evidence based on individual markers or relatively small data sets has suggested that populations at both sides of this geographic barrier may correspond to two different species. In this study, we further explore this hypothesis using an integrative taxonomy framework. Both molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear markers) and morphological analyses of specimens collected from central-eastern and western states were performed to explore species delimitation in this taxon. Results from these analyses were consistent, and provide strong evidence that D. variabilis actually corresponds to two species. Herein, the western populations are described as a new species, Dermacentor similis n. sp. The usefulness of integrative taxonomy in the context of species delimitation is also discussed.

Abstract:

We write to you, here in the pages of the International Journal of Population Data Science, for the second time in our capacity of co-directors of the International Population Data Linkage Network (IPDLN – www.ipdln.org). Time has certainly passed quickly since our first communication, where we introduced ourselves, and discussed planned initiatives for our tenure as leads of the IPDLN. Our network’s scientific community is steadily growing and thriving in an era of heightened interest around all things ‘data’. Indeed, there is great enthusiasm for all initiatives that explore ways of harnessing information systems and multisource data to enhance collective knowledge of health matters so that better decisions can be made by governments, system planners, providers, and patients. Never before have such initiatives attracted more attention. It is in this context of heightened interest and relevance around IPDLN and its science that we prepare to convene in Banff, Alberta, Canada for the 5th biennial IPDLN Conference – September 11-14. The conference, to be held at the inspiring Banff Centre (www.banffcentre.ca), is almost sold out, with only limited space remaining for late registrants. A tremendous program has been created through the oversight of Scientific Program co-chairs, Drs. Astrid Guttman and Hude Quan. A compelling roster of plenary lectures from Drs. Diane Watson, Jennifer Walker, and Osmar Zaïane is eagerly anticipated, as are topical panel discussions, an entertaining Science Slam session, and a terrific social program. These sessions will be surrounded by rich scientific oral and poster presentations arising from the more than 450 scientific abstracts submitted for review. We are so pleased to see this vibrant scientific engagement from the IPDLN membership and students, and look forward to hosting all delegates in Banff. The Banff conference will also be the venue at which we announce the new Directorship of the IPDLN for the next two years (2019 and 2020). As co-directors, we engaged with a number of individuals and organizations with interest in leading the IPDLN. In the end, two compelling Directorship applications were submitted – one a joint bid from Australia’s Population Health Research Network and the South Australia Northern Territory DataLink, and the other from the US-based Actionable Intelligence for Social Policy. IPDLN members submitted votes on these strong leadership bids through an online voting process, and while the excellence and appeal of both bids was apparent in strong voter support for both, a winning bid has been confirmed, and it will (as mentioned) be announced at the upcoming September conference. As we look forward to the Banff meeting with great anticipation, we are compelled to acknowledge the growing IPDLN legacy created by past directors. We are particularly indebted to our immediate predecessor, Dr. David Ford, and his team at Swansea University. Their work in hosting the 2016 IPDLN conference has been an inspiration to us in the planning of this year’s conference, and their crucial and foundational work in creating an IT platform for the IPDLN website, the membership database, and the new International Journal for Population Data Science has brought the IPDLN to a new level of organizational sophistication. Over the last 18 months, our co-directorship teams from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario and the O’Brien Institute for Public Health at the University of Calgary have built on the foundation established by prior directors to update/enhance the IPDLN website and membership database. The IPDLN has more members than ever before representing a greater number of countries, and we have a more formalized governance structure with the creation of an Executive Committee that will include immediate past-Directors in order to better ensure continuity. A new Executive Committee will be elected by the IPDLN membership following the Banff conference. The waiting is almost over and IPDLN 2018 is upon us! Our scientific domain has never had the prominence or level of anticipation that we currently see. And the IPDLN has grown in its size, vibrancy and scientific scope. The opportunities for us are boundless, and the timing of our upcoming conference could not be better. We are honoured, with our respective organizations, to have had this opportunity to serve as co-directors over the past two years, and look forward to seeing many of you very soon. For those of you who are unable to travel to Canada’s Rocky Mountains this year, we look forward to connecting with you at a later time in the IPDLN’s continuing upward journey.

Abstract:

At a time when a trip abroad was out of the reach of most women, even if they could not make the journey, Australian women could imagine “abroad” just by reading popular women’s magazines such as Woman (later Woman’s Day and Home then Woman’s Day) and The Australian Women’s Weekly, and journals, such as The Progressive Woman and The Housewife. Increasingly in the post-war period, these magazines and journals contained advertisem*nts for holidaying abroad, recipes for international foods and articles on overseas fashions. It was not unusual for local manufacturers, to use the lure of travel and exotic places as a way of marketing their goods. Healing Bicycles, for example, used the slogan “In Venice men go to work on Gondolas: In Australia it’s a Healing” (“Healing Cycles” 40), and Exotiq cosmetics featured landscapes of countries where Exotiq products had “captured the hearts of women who treasured their loveliness: Cincinnati, Milan, New York, Paris, Geneva and Budapest” (“Exotiq Cosmetics” 36).Unlike Homer’s Penelope, who stayed at home for twenty years waiting for Odysseus to return from the Trojan wars, women have always been on the move to the same extent as men. Their rich travel stories (Riggal, Haysom, Lancaster)—mostly written as letters and diaries—remain largely unpublished and their experiences are not part of the public record to the same extent as the travel stories of men. Ros Pesman argues that the women traveller’s voice was one of privilege and authority full of excitement and disbelief (Pesman 26). She notes that until well into the second part of the twentieth century, “the journey for Australian women to Europe was much more than a return to the sources of family identity and history” (19). It was also:a pilgrimage to the centres and sites of culture, literature and history and an encounter with “the real world.”Europe, and particularly London,was also the place of authority and reference for all those seeking accreditation and recognition, whether as real writers, real ladies or real politicians and statesmen. (19)This article is about two Australian writers; Helen Seager, a journalist employed by The Argus, a daily newspaper in Melbourne Australia, and Gwen Hughes, a graduate of Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy in Melbourne, working in England as a lecturer, demonstrator and cookbook writer for Parkinsons’ Stove Company. Helen Seager travelled to England on an assignment for The Argus in 1950 and sent articles each day for publication in the women’s section of the newspaper. Gwen Hughes travelled extensively in the Balkans in the 1930s recording her impressions, observations, and recipes for traditional foods whilst working for Parkinsons in England. These women were neither returning to the homeland for an encounter with the real world, nor were they there as cultural tourists in the Cook’s Tour sense of the word. They were professional writers and their observations about the places they visited offer fresh and lively versions of England and Europe, its people, places, and customs.Helen SeagerAustralian Journalist Helen Seager (1901–1981) wrote a daily column, Good Morning Ma’am in the women’s pages of The Argus, from 1947 until shortly after her return from abroad in 1950. Seager wrote human interest stories, often about people of note (Golding), but with a twist; a Baroness who finds knitting exciting (Seager, “Baroness” 9) and ballet dancers backstage (Seager, “Ballet” 10). Much-loved by her mainly female readership, in May 1950 The Argus sent her to England where she would file a daily report of her travels. Whilst now we take travel for granted, Seager was sent abroad with letters of introduction from The Argus, stating that she was travelling on a special editorial assignment which included: a certificate signed by the Lord Mayor of The City of Melbourne, seeking that any courtesies be extended on her trip to England, the Continent, and America; a recommendation from the Consul General of France in Australia; and introductions from the Premier’s Department, the Premier of Victoria, and Austria’s representative in Australia. All noted the nature of her trip, her status as an esteemed reporter for a Melbourne newspaper, and requested that any courtesy possible to be made to her.This assignment was an indication that The Argus valued its women readers. Her expenses, and those of her ten-year-old daughter Harriet, who accompanied her, were covered by the newspaper. Her popularity with her readership is apparent by the enthusiastic tone of the editorial article covering her departure. Accompanied with a photograph of Seager and Harriet boarding the aeroplane, her many women readers were treated to their first ever picture of what she looked like:THOUSANDS of "Argus" readers, particularly those in the country, have wanted to know what Helen Seager looks like. Here she is, waving good-bye as she left on the first stage of a trip to England yesterday. She will be writing her bright “Good Morning, Ma'am” feature as she travels—giving her commentary on life abroad. (The Argus, “Goodbye” 1)Figure 1. Helen Seager and her daughter Harriet board their flight for EnglandThe first article “From Helen in London” read,our Helen Seager, after busy days spent exploring England with her 10-year-old daughter, Harriet, today cabled her first “Good Morning, Ma’am” column from abroad. Each day from now on she will report from London her lively impressions in an old land, which is delightfully new to her. (Seager, “From Helen” 3)Whilst some of her dispatches contain the impressions of the awestruck traveller, for the most they are exquisitely observed stories of the everyday and the ordinary, often about the seemingly most trivial of things, and give a colourful, colonial and egalitarian impression of the places that she visits. A West End hair-do is described, “as I walked into that posh looking establishment, full of Louis XV, gold ornateness to be received with bows from the waist by numerous satellites, my first reaction was to turn and bolt” (Seager, “West End” 3).When she visits Oxford’s literary establishments, she is, for this particular article, the awestruck Australian:In Oxford, you go around saying, soto voce and aloud, “Oh, ye dreaming spires of Oxford.” And Matthew Arnold comes alive again as a close personal friend.In a weekend, Ma’am, I have seen more of Oxford than lots of native Oxonians. I have stood and brooded over the spit in Christ Church College’s underground kitchens on which the oxen for Henry the Eighth were roasted.I have seen the Merton Library, oldest in Oxford, in which the chains that imprisoned the books are still to be seen, and have added by shoe scrape to the stone steps worn down by 500 years of walkers. I have walked the old churches, and I have been lost in wonder at the goodly virtues of the dead. And then, those names of Oxford! Holywell, Tom’s Quad, Friars’ Entry, and Long Wall. The gargoyles at Magdalen and the stones untouched by bombs or war’s destruction. It adds a new importance to human beings to know that once, if only, they too have walked and stood and stared. (Seager, “From Helen” 3)Her sense of wonder whilst in Oxford is, however, moderated by the practicalities of travel incorporated into the article. She continues to describe the warnings she was given, before her departure, of foreign travel that had her alarmed about loss and theft, and the care she took to avoid both. “It would have made you laugh, Ma’am, could you have seen the antics to protect personal property in the countries in transit” (Seager, “From Helen” 3).Her description of a trip to Blenheim Palace shows her sense of fun. She does not attempt to describe the palace or its contents, “Blenheim Palace is too vast and too like a great Government building to arouse much envy,” settling instead on a curiosity should there be a turn of events, “as I surged through its great halls with a good-tempered, jostling mob I couldn’t help wondering what those tired pale-faced guides would do if the mob mood changed and it started on an old-fashioned ransack.” Blenheim palace did not impress her as much as did the Sunday crowd at the palace:The only thing I really took a fancy to were the Venetian cradle, which was used during the infancy of the present Duke and a fine Savvonerie carpet in the same room. What I never wanted to see again was the rubbed-fur collar of the lady in front.Sunday’s crowd was typically English, Good tempered, and full of co*ckney wit, and, if you choose to take your pleasures in the mass, it is as good a company as any to be in. (Seager, “We Look” 3)In a description of Dublin and the Dubliners, Seager describes the food-laden shops: “Butchers’ shops leave little room for customers with their great meat carcasses hanging from every hook. … English visitors—and Dublin is awash with them—make an orgy of the cakes that ooze real cream, the pink and juicy hams, and the sweets that demand no points” (Seager, “English” 6). She reports on the humanity of Dublin and Dubliners, “Dublin has a charm that is deep-laid. It springs from the people themselves. Their courtesy is overlaid with a real interest in humanity. They walk and talk, these Dubliners, like Kings” (ibid.).In Paris she melds the ordinary with the noteworthy:I had always imagined that the outside of the Louvre was like and big art gallery. Now that I know it as a series of palaces with courtyards and gardens beyond description in the daytime, and last night, with its cleverly lighted fountains all aplay, its flags and coloured lights, I will never forget it.Just now, down in the street below, somebody is packing the boot of a car to go for, presumably, on a few days’ jaunt. There is one suitcase, maybe with clothes, and on the footpath 47 bottles of the most beautiful wines in the world. (Seager, “When” 3)She writes with a mix of awe and ordinary:My first glimpse of that exciting vista of the Arc de Triomphe in the distance, and the little bistros that I’ve always wanted to see, and all the delights of a new city, […] My first day in Paris, Ma’am, has not taken one whit from the glory that was London. (ibid.) Figure 2: Helen Seager in ParisIt is my belief that Helen Seager intended to do something with her writings abroad. The articles have been cut from The Argus and pasted onto sheets of paper. She has kept copies of the original reports filed whist she was away. The collection shows her insightful egalitarian eye and a sharp humour, a mix of awesome and commonplace.On Bastille Day in 1950, Seager wrote about the celebrations in Paris. Her article is one of exuberant enthusiasm. She writes joyfully about sirens screaming overhead, and people in the street, and looking from windows. Her article, published on 19 July, starts:Paris Ma’am is a magical city. I will never cease to be grateful that I arrived on a day when every thing went wrong, and watched it blossom before my eyes into a gayness that makes our Melbourne Cup gala seem funeral in comparison.Today is July 14.All places of business are closed for five days and only the places of amusem*nt await the world.Parisians are tireless in their celebrations.I went to sleep to the music of bands, dancing feet and singing voices, with the raucous but cheerful toots from motors splitting the night air onto atoms. (Seager, “When” 3)This article resonates uneasiness. How easily could those scenes of celebration on Bastille Day in 1950 be changed into the scenes of carnage on Bastille Day 2016, the cheerful toots of the motors transformed into cries of fear, the sirens in the sky from aeroplanes overhead into the sirens of ambulances and police vehicles, as a Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel, as part of a terror attack drives a truck through crowds of people celebrating in Nice.Gwen HughesGwen Hughes graduated from Emily Macpherson College of Domestic Economy with a Diploma of Domestic Science, before she travelled to England to take up employment as senior lecturer and demonstrator of Parkinson’s England, a company that manufactured electric and gas stoves. Hughes wrote in her unpublished manuscript, Balkan Fever, that it was her idea of making ordinary cooking demonstration lessons dramatic and homelike that landed her the job in England (Hughes, Balkan 25-26).Her cookbook, Perfect Cooking, was produced to encourage housewives to enjoy cooking with their Parkinson’s modern cookers with the new Adjusto temperature control. The message she had to convey for Parkinsons was: “Cooking is a matter of putting the right ingredients together and cooking them at the right temperature to achieve a given result” (Hughes, Perfect 3). In reality, Hughes used this cookbook as a vehicle to share her interest in and love of Continental food, especially food from the Balkans where she travelled extensively in the 1930s.Recipes of Continental foods published in Perfect Cooking sit seamlessly alongside traditional British foods. The section on soup, for example, contains recipes for Borscht, a very good soup cooked by the peasants of Russia; Minestrone, an everyday Italian soup; Escudella, from Spain; and Cream of Spinach Soup from France (Perfect 22-23). Hughes devoted a whole chapter to recipes and descriptions of Continental foods labelled “Fascinating Foods From Far Countries,” showing her love and fascination with food and travel. She started this chapter with the observation:There is nearly as much excitement and romance, and, perhaps fear, about sampling a “foreign dish” for the “home stayer” as there is in actually being there for the more adventurous “home leaver”. Let us have a little have a little cruise safe within the comfort of our British homes. Let us try and taste the good things each country is famed for, all the while picturing the romantic setting of these dishes. (Hughes, Perfect 255)Through her recipes and descriptive passages, Hughes took housewives in England and Australia into the strange and wonderful kitchens of exotic women: Madame Darinka Jocanovic in Belgrade, Miss Anicka Zmelova in Prague, Madame Mrskosova at Benesova. These women taught her to make wonderful-sounding foods such as Apfel Strudel, Knedlikcy, Vanilla Kipfel and Christmas Stars. “Who would not enjoy the famous ‘Goose with Dumplings,’” she declares, “in the company of these gay, brave, thoughtful people with their romantic history, their gorgeously appareled peasants set in their richly picturesque scenery” (Perfect 255).It is Hughes’ unpublished manuscript Balkan Fever, written in Melbourne in 1943, to which I now turn. It is part of the Latrobe Heritage collection at the State Library of Victoria. Her manuscript was based on her extensive travels in the Balkans in the 1930s whilst she lived and worked in England, and it was, I suspect, her intention to seek publication.In her twenties, Hughes describes how she set off to the Balkans after meeting a fellow member of the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW) at the Royal Yugoslav Legation. He was an expert on village life in the Balkans and advised her, that as a writer she would get more information from the local villagers than she would as a tourist. Hughes, who, before television gave cooking demonstrations on the radio, wrote, “I had been writing down recipes and putting them in books for years and of course the things one talks about over the air have to be written down first—that seemed fair enough” (Hughes, Balkan 25-26). There is nothing of the awestruck traveller in Hughes’ richly detailed observations of the people and the places that she visited. “Travelling in the Balkans is a very different affair from travelling in tourist-conscious countries where you just leave it to Cooks. You must either have unlimited time at your disposal, know the language or else have introductions that will enable the right arrangements to be made for you” (Balkan 2), she wrote. She was the experiential tourist, deeply immersed in her surroundings and recording food culture and society as it was.Hughes acknowledged that she was always drawn away from the cities to seek the real life of the people. “It’s to the country district you must go to find the real flavour of a country and the heart of its people—especially in the Balkans where such a large percentage of the population is agricultural” (Balkan 59). Her descriptions in Balkan Fever are a blend of geography, history, culture, national songs, folklore, national costumes, food, embroidery, and vivid observation of the everyday city life. She made little mention of stately homes or buildings. Her attitude to travel can be summed up in her own words:there are so many things to see and learn in the countries of the old world that, walking with eyes and mind wide open can be an immensely delightful pastime, even with no companion and nowhere to go. An hour or two spent in some unpretentious coffee house can be worth all the dinners at Quaglino’s or at The Ritz, if your companion is a good talker, a specialist in your subject, or knows something of the politics and the inner life of the country you are in. (Balkan 28)Rather than touring the grand cities, she was seduced by the market places with their abundance of food, colour, and action. Describing Sarajevo she wrote:On market day the main square is a blaze of colour and movement, the buyers no less colourful than the peasants who have come in from the farms around with their produce—cream cheese, eggs, chickens, fruit and vegetables. Handmade carpets hung up for sale against walls or from trees add their barbaric colour to the splendor of the scene. (Balkan 75)Markets she visited come to life through her vivid descriptions:Oh those markets, with the gorgeous colours, and heaped untidiness of the fruits and vegetables—paprika, those red and green peppers! Every kind of melon, grape and tomato contributing to the riot of colour. Then there were the fascinating peasant embroideries, laces and rich parts of old costumes brought in from the villages for sale. The lovely gay old embroideries were just laid out on a narrow carpet spread along the pavement or hung from a tree if one happened to be there. (Balkan 11)Perhaps it was her radio cooking shows that gave her the ability to make her descriptions sensorial and pictorial:We tasted luxurious foods, fish, chickens, fruits, wines, and liqueurs. All products of the country. Perfect ambrosial nectar of the gods. I was entirely seduced by the rose petal syrup, fragrant and aromatic, a red drink made from the petals of the darkest red roses. (Balkan 151)Ordinary places and everyday events are beautifully realised:We visited the cheese factory amongst other things. … It was curious to see in that far away spot such a quantity of neatly arranged cheeses in the curing chamber, being prepared for export, and in another room the primitive looking round balls of creamed cheese suspended from rafters. Later we saw trains of pack horses going over the mountains, and these were probably the bearers of these cheeses to Bitolj or Skoplje, whence they would be consigned further for export. (Balkan 182)ConclusionReading Seager and Hughes, one cannot help but be swept along on their travels and take part in their journeys. What is clear, is that they were inspired by their work, which is reflected in the way they wrote about the places they visited. Both sought out people and places that were, as Hughes so vividly puts it, not part of the Cook’s Tour. They travelled with their eyes wide open for experiences that were both new and normal, making their writing relevant even today. Written in Paris on Bastille Day 1950, Seager’s Bastille Day article is poignant when compared to Bastille Day in France in 2016. Hughes’s descriptions of Sarajevo are a far cry from the scenes of destruction in that city between 1992 and 1995. The travel writing of these two women offers us vivid impressions and images of the often unreported events, places, daily lives, and industry of the ordinary and the then every day, and remind us that the more things change, the more they stay the same.Pesman writes, “women have always been on the move and Australian women have been as numerous as passengers on the outbound ships as have men” (20), but the records of their travels seldom appear on the public record. Whilst their work-related writings are part of the public record (see Haysom; Lancaster; Riggal), this body of women’s travel writing has not received the attention it deserves. Hughes’ cookbooks, with their traditional Eastern European recipes and evocative descriptions of people and kitchens, are only there for the researcher who knows that cookbooks are a trove of valuable social and cultural material. Digital copies of Seager’s writing can be accessed on Trove (a digital repository), but there is little else about her or her body of writing on the public record.ReferencesThe Argus. “Goodbye Ma’am.” 26 May 1950: 1. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22831285?searchTerm=Goodbye%20Ma%E2%80%99am%E2%80%99&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.“Exotiq Cosmetics.” Advertisem*nt. Woman 20 Aug. 1945: 36.Golding, Peter. “Just a Chattel of the Sale: A Mostly Light-Hearted Retrospective of a Diverse Life.” In Jim Usher, ed., The Argus: Life & Death of Newspaper. North Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing 2007.Haysom, Ida. Diaries and Photographs of Ida Haysom. <http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER1637361>.“Healing Cycles.” Advertisem*nt. Woman 27 Aug. 1945: 40. Hughes, Gwen. Balkan Fever. Unpublished Manuscript. State Library of Victoria, MS 12985 Box 3846/4. 1943.———. Perfect Cooking London: Parkinsons, c1940.Lancaster, Rosemary. Je Suis Australienne: Remarkable Women in France 1880-1945. Crawley WA: UWA Press, 2008.Pesman, Ros. “Overseas Travel of Australian Women: Sources in the Australian Manuscripts Collection of the State Library of Victoria.” The Latrobe Journal 58 (Spring 1996): 19-26.Riggal, Louie. (Louise Blanche.) Diary of Italian Tour 1905 February 21 - May 1. <http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER1635602>.Seager, Helen. “Ballet Dancers Backstage.” The Argus 10 Aug. 1944: 10. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11356057?searchTerm=Ballet%20Dancers%20Backstage&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=194>.———. “The Baroness Who Finds Knitting Exciting.” The Argus 1 Aug. 1944: 9. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11354557?searchTerm=Helen%20seager%20Baroness&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=194>.———. “English Visitors Have a Food Spree in Eire.” The Argus 29 Sep. 1950: 6. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22912011?searchTerm=English%20visitors%20have%20a%20spree%20in%20Eire&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “From Helen in London.” The Argus 20 June 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22836738?searchTerm=From%20Helen%20in%20London&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “Helen Seager Storms Paris—Paris Falls.” The Argus 15 July 1950: 7.<http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22906913?searchTerm=Helen%20Seager%20Storms%20Paris%E2%80%99&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “We Look over Blenheim Palace.” The Argus 28 Sep. 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22902040?searchTerm=Helen%20Seager%20Its%20as%20a%20good%20a%20place%20as%20you%20would%20want%20to%20be&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “West End Hair-Do Was Fun.” The Argus 3 July 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22913940?searchTerm=West%20End%20hair-do%20was%20fun%E2%80%99&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “When You Are in Paris on July 14.” The Argus 19 July 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22906244?searchTerm=When%20you%20are%20in%20Paris%20on%20July%2014&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.

Abstract:

In this article we consider the ways that parents and children construct an object that has long been associated with North American childhood: the bicycle. We ask the question: is the bicycle a toy or a tool? At first glance, this seems like a straightforward distinction. For example, if an object serves a useful purpose, we classify it a tool. Hammers are tools because they help drive nails into wood. If the object serves no apparent purpose other than our own intrinsic enjoyment, it is a toy. Kites are toys because we gain no instrumental benefit by flying them; kites offer us only amusem*nt and entertainment. Of course, it is not as clear as this. Sometimes toys become tools as ingenious and resourceful people find new uses for them. Tools become toys as we discover other objects that fulfill a function more efficiently or affordably. At times, we engage in public debates about the classification of objects as toys or tools. We saw this recently, when educators debated whether the fidget spinner was a toy that distracted students from learning or a tool that helped students focus on learning (Silver). These examples show that the meanings that objects hold are not inherent to the object but are actively constructed through social processes and situated in specific historical, geographical, and political contexts. Understanding how we make meaning of objects is important because meanings impact on how objects circulate through everyday life and how they are used and valued. In a culture that values work over leisure, tools are socially valued yet ‘toy’ is a word loaded with judgment; although toys are objects of delight they are also associated with superficiality, consumerism, and a desire for status (Whitten). As manufacturers of ‘educational toys’ certainly understand, the construction of an object as a tool or toy shapes when, where, and by whom that object should be used, including the spaces they are allowed to occupy and the ways that children are permitted to engage with and use them (Brougère). The bicycle is many things at once: it moves through space, it requires physical effort of the rider, and it is self-propelled. As an object, the bicycle has also held different meanings depending on the cultural, historical, and political context. Hoffman (6) calls the bicycle a ‘rolling signifier’ in that ‘it carries a diversity of signification depending on its location in time and space’. Throughout its 150-year history in North America, the bicycle has been a leisure-based status symbol of the progressive urban elite, a symbol of women’s liberation, and a transportation vehicle of the working poor, and the focus of a fitness craze (Turpin). Starting out as an adult leisure activity, the bicycle began to be associated with childhood in the 1950s, when the bicycle manufacturing industry began to turn its attention to selling bicycles to children rather than adults (Turpin 1). Through the 1950s and 1970s, advertisem*nts and television shows began to represent the bicycle as a vehicle for childhood freedom, highlighting the bicycle as the quintessential childhood gift and the moment of learning to ride a bicycle a childhood milestone (Turpin; McDonald). Although still constructed as an “indelible part of childhood” (Turpin, 1), the bicycle, and childhood, have changed since the days when the bicycle first gained its iconic status. Although new styles of bicycling (e.g., BMX, mountain) have emerged, the actual bicycling of children in terms of the amount of time spent riding and distance travelled has been on the decline for a generation (Cox; McDonald). Changing ideas about children’s health, development, and parental responsibilities to prepare children for their future have also raised anxieties about how, where, and how much time children spend engaged with ‘toys’ versus ‘tools’, and whether children should be playing or moving around outdoors, in the streets, unsupervised and alone (Alexander et al.; Valentine). A growing body of research highlights the ways in which childhood has become increasingly contained, immobilised, and institutionalised (Karsten; Rixon, Lomax, and O’Dell). In this context the object of the bicycle becomes more problematic given its features of mobility, physicality, and rider autonomy. In this article we investigate the ways that children and parents construct meanings of the bicycle in childhood. We draw on data collected in 2019 and 2020 when we interviewed 24 bicycle-riding children (aged 10-16, rode independently at least once per week) and 19 bicycle-supportive parents about their perspectives and experiences of bicycling in the downtown and suburban areas of the small Canadian city in which they lived. As we elaborate below, children constructed the bicycle as a toy that allowed physical and environmental exploration. For parents, these meanings produced anxiety because they relied on children moving through space unsupervised. In the article we will show how parents managed their desires and worries in ways that at times reconfigured the meaning of ‘bicycle’. We point to the central role of emotion in enabling and limiting children’s bicycling opportunities. We close with a discussion of the implications of these findings in the construction and promotion of children’s bicycling. Children's Constructions of the Bicycle in Childhood Our interviews with children revealed that while it was appreciated as a vehicle that could get them places faster than walking, children primarily constructed the bicycle as a toy. In fact, children constructed the bicycle as two different types of toys. First, the bicycle was a physical toy that afforded riders the opportunity to connect with their environment in novel ways and in so doing, to experiment with their physicality. For MK (boy, 11) the best part about riding was practicing ‘tricks’, or small manoeuvres with a bicycle like popping it up on one wheel, or jumping the bike over an obstacle. He had a number of favourite ‘trick spots’ – curbs, steps, benches, small hills – spread through the city that he would stop at as he made his way across town. Ross (383) sees this as ‘discipline and disorder’, noting, with respect to children’s unaccompanied school journeys, “the potential for impromptu play responding to features along the route”. She adds that “such free-play can only occur when children are able to set their own agenda, making decisions along the way”, implying that journeys may be more ‘playful’ – and bicycles more ‘toylike’ – when adults are not co-present. MK explained that he liked tricks because there was nothing at stake, other than possibly being teased by his brother. At the same time, friends were a source of inspiration and creativity as kids worked together to test out tricks and record their performances: Q: What do you like about tricks? MK: They’re easy to learn. If you mess one up, no one makes fun of you for it, no one laughs at you. Q: What is your least favourite part about riding? MK: When I do miss a trick, my brother makes fun of me. Alternatively, GL (boy, 15) sought out trails in nearby wooded areas on his mountain bike where he would engage with the rocky and rooted terrain at different speeds. For GL, the fun of mountain biking was that anything could happen: Q: What it's like to do the trails? What happens and what do you like about it? GL: Just the craziness of the unexpected sometimes. And like, the downhill obviously, not [to] have to do anything and just roll down the hill through all these roots and rocks and stuff. It is quite challenging. Second, the bicycle was an adventure toy that afforded children the opportunity to explore the local environment with no agenda other than to take in the surroundings and see what’s there. Whereas with riding for transportation “you’re trying to get somewhere, maybe going faster to try to get there faster, obviously, but for leisure you're just having fun enjoying it and just looking around, you see what's around you” (GL). Perhaps less risky than trick riding, adventure riding still required some bravery as it required the rider to venture into the unknown. Given this, it was the experience of exploring and discovering their surroundings that engendered joy and exhilaration. Children enthusiastically described their journeys and the special spots and surprising moments they experienced along the way. Whereas trick and trail riding required focus and intensity, adventure riding encouraged openness and receptivity. NT (boy, 10) explained, “there's no rules that you [need] to go here. It's, just, you can bike wherever you want. And do whatever. Like it's not somebody pushing you to go a certain speed or slow down or anything. I really like that.” Being afforded the autonomy to move as they wanted through space was the most treasured aspect of bicycle-riding. TL (girl, 12) explained, “I get to go places that I wouldn't normally get to go when I’m with other people. And then I get to choose where we go”. SG (girl, 12) related her experience of freedom on a bicycle to her right to autonomy: “you can do whatever you want and however you want, and its your own opinion and you don't have to follow anybody else's. You can be free.” In a culture that values productivity and improvement, toys are sometimes dismissed as objects with little value other than to provide amusem*nt or fill time. This is why we often see toy manufacturers working to establish associations between toys and various improvement-oriented or utilitarian purposes, as this helps legitimise toys as good, valuable, and necessary (Brougère). However, the descriptions above highlight the richness of experience that comes from engaging with objects as toys. Commonalities across these two uses of the bicycle were the elements of creativity, curiosity, and low-stakes outcome, and an emotional experience of joy, satisfaction, and exhilaration. Parents’ Constructions of the Bicycle in Childhood Among parents, the construction of the bicycle as a childhood toy provoked a wider array of emotions that included joy and exhilaration but also fear and worry. For parents, the lesser worry of the two uses of the bicycle was of the bicycle as a physical toy. Parents appreciated the physical skills that their children learned on the bike and acknowledged, with relatively little concern, that injury might result. One parent (LL) described “falling off the bike or a slip, I mean, it happens to the best of bikers. I'm not worried about my kids in terms of their skill, it would just be an accident”. Vastly more troubling to parents was the construction of the bicycle as an adventure toy as the activity produced by this kind of toy – adventuring on bike – involved children moving greater distances through their environment and without adult supervision. Although parents could understand the joy and exhilaration of adventure riding, they were concerned about the dangers posed by the riding environment. Parents were fearful of cars for how they moved quickly and, speaking from their positionality as drivers, how car drivers paid little attention to bicycles. MM lamented that in her suburban neighbourhood drivers didn’t look for bicycles as they backed out of a driveway. This meant that children on bicycles had to assume responsibility for their own safety, and parents worried whether their child had the decision-making and social capabilities for this: Probably getting hurt would be the biggest [fear], even. If we're out and on a busier road, and he were to wipe out or not be paying attention or something. He's not really in any situations right now where he would be. I'd worry about him being approached by anyone or anything like that. (NT) Concerns related to children travelling alone in public space are longstanding. In the 1990s, Valentine reported that parents feared that their children lacked the capabilities to travel safety on their own in public space, and that these fears inhibited children’s autonomous mobilities. Since then, notions of the ‘vulnerability’ of childhood have worked to intensify and expand parenthood to include ‘risk management’ through supervision and monitoring (Lee et al.). Through this, time spent with children, including time spent chauffeuring children from place to place, has also become associated with parental care. McLaren and Parusel argue that this form of “parental mobility care” is one of the ways in which mothers (and fathers to a lesser degree) implement ‘good mothering’ (1426). One parent (NF) noted that although she was comfortable with her child biking alone, she worried about “feedback I might get from neighbours or whatever, right, judging”. Another parent (MM) illustrates the association between knowing your child’s whereabouts and good parenting: The mom’s let them [friend and brother] already go on the bikes together, right. So, he's got that confidence already built with his brother, and by himself. He shows up at my door and rings the door bell and there he is, waving at me, and I'm like, ‘Oh my god, does his mom know where he is?’ (laughs). Managing Feelings and Reconfiguring Meanings Parents simultaneously desired to support their child’s biking and worried about their child travelling alone through public space. They sought ways to manage these competing feelings. Some parents achieved this by reconfiguring their construction of the bicycle in ways that made parental accompaniment more sensible and acceptable. For example, EK, who always accompanied her son on bike rides, highlighted the physical effort required to ride a bicycle and the benefits that resulted from riding, such as greater physical endurance, strength, and skill. In other words, to her the bicycle was less a toy and more a piece of equipment that helped people achieve self-improvement goals. When the focus of riding is fitness, the context of riding – where one travels and with whom – matters only in relation to the achievement of fitness goals. She discussed how she rode with her son so they could fulfill fitness goals together: EK: I want to ride a bike with [son, 12] because I want to have, like, exercise to do, and it’s better. We have YMCA membership, but I prefer outdoors. In the wintertime last year we we were biking at the YMCA on those stationary ones. I enjoy those ones as well. Q: But not the same as going outside? EK: No, we prefer outside. We prefer outdoors. TS, who also accompanied her children on bicycle rides, reconfigured bicycling as an adventurous activity for the family, rather than solely for children. In her interviews, she highlighted bicycling as a way to strengthen family bonds and build great memories from their bike rides together: TS: It's brought us closer together now that we all have a bike. Like, my boyfriend is pretty physical, and he's already got planned out trails he wants to take them on in the summer. So, I think it has brought up some exciting new adventures for us to look forward to and nobody can feel left out because we all can bike together. Certainly, the joy and thrill of riding can be a shared experience for parents and children (McIlvenny). Children did indicate their appreciation for these rides, particularly because they ventured further with parents than they were permitted when riding alone. However, family biking also produced a different kind of bike-riding experience for children, with a shift in position from ‘pilot’ to ‘crew’ and their attention directed inward, toward others in the group: GL (boy, 15): when I'm biking with my friends and family I am always watching out for them, like making sure they're keeping up, or if you're keeping the right pace if you're in the front. When you're by yourself, just like focused on doing, you're not really thinking about anything else. Our intent is not to dismiss the value of the bicycle as child exercise equipment or a family adventure toy. But we do wish to point out the ease with which the bicycle can be made sense of as a range of different-use objects in the context of contemporary childhood. Indeed, in this context, concerns about children’s physical health, development, and preparation for the future have been transforming – both ‘healthifying’ (Alexander et al. 78), and instrumentalising – children’s play for a generation. That said, there were parents who continued to support their children’s engagement with the bicycle as a toy, and their autonomous bike-riding. Although these parents certainly had worries, they connected bicycling to an array of positive emotions – joy, exuberance, pride, calm – and drew on these emotions to bolster their support. Parents often associated these positive emotions with memories of their own childhood biking experiences, which they wanted their children to experience. They also directly observed them in their children, after they returned from a ride. These moments offered parents ‘feedback’ that helped bolster their commitment to holding space for their children’s adventure riding: LL: They're pretty proud when they come home, muddy and dirty. Yeah, they'll tell me things that they saw or just things that would stand out like, ‘oh, the bugs are really bad’, or ‘oh, we found this cool part of a trail’ or [they] don't really meet people that they know on the trail. But yeah, they’ll give me some feedback. ‘RL almost ran into a tree’. ‘JL almost fell off trying to jump a log’: the highlights. The shared experience of the COVID-19 pandemic also connected parents to the emotional experience of bike-riding, bolstering parental support for children’s autonomous bike-riding because the pandemic made the emotional experience of bike-riding so much more apparent to parents. At the time of our spring 2020 interviews, children were just beginning to surface from a three-month lockdown period in which schooling was online, extra-curricular activities had been cancelled, and a public health order had drastically curtailed their movements outside the home. Although now we better understand the extent of the psychological impact of the lockdown on children (Panchal et al.), at that time parents were seeing its impacts on their children first-hand. In this context, the bicycle took on a new meaning as a vehicle that afforded a way for children escape the home and have some time and space to themselves: KK: For [daughter, age 12], definitely there are times that with two younger siblings, she'll just need to go. ‘I'm done. I need space.’ She'll go for a bike ride and that’s a little bit of a calm downtime for her. Right. Anyway, she says she enjoys it, it's healthy and gets her outside and away from your younger siblings. Parents increasingly supported children’s independent riding, again based on their observations of the emotional experience of children’s biking experiences. Both parents and children described these bike rides as mood-changing. Parents were able to recognise how biking offered children a time and space to “cool down” or “unwind from other things that are going on.” JJ [girl, age 13] explained: When I go on bike rides, I was like, kind of in a bad mood. If I'm angry at someone, if I'm sad, if I'm frustrated. Just flick a switch. Like, frustrated to happy; or angry to confident; or something like that. I don't know how it works, but it just boosts my mood every time I go on a bike ride. And then it is a great day. Conclusion This article illustrates the different ways that parents and children construct and negotiate meanings of the bicycle in childhood. It highlights the connections between meaning and use, and the ways that different meanings encourage different ways of thinking about how the bicycle should be used, where, with whom, and for what reasons. The analysis also points to the centrality of emotions in the process of meaning-making. In doing so, it builds on previous research that has illustrated now negative emotions (reluctance, worry, fear, anxiety) work to limit children’s mobilities (Fotel and Thomsen; Rixon et al.). At the same time, it also builds on recent research that illustrates the ways that attention to positive emotions (joy, pride, exhilaration, calm) can enable children’s bicycling (Silonsaari et al.) while centring children’s experiences in conversations about play and toys in contemporary childhood. References Alexander, Stephanie A., Katherine L. Frohlich, and Caroline Fusco. Play, Physical Activity and Public Health: The Reframing of Children’s Leisure Lives. Routledge, 2018. Brougère, Gilles. "Toys: Between Rhetoric of Education and Rhetoric of Fun." Toys and Communication (2018): 33-46. Cox, Peter. Cycling: A Sociology of Vélomobility. Routledge, 2019. Fotel, Trine, and Thyra Uth Thomsen. “The Surveillance of Children’s Mobility.” Surveillance & Society 1.4 (2003). Furness, Zack. One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility. Temple UP, 2010. Hoffmann, Melody L. Bike Lanes are White Lanes: Bicycle Advocacy and Urban Planning. U of Nebraska P, 2016. Karsten, Lia. "It All Used to Be Better? Different Generations on Continuity and Change in Urban Children's Daily Use of Space." Children's Geographies 3.3 (2005): 275-290. Lee, Ellie, et al. Parenting Culture Studies. Springer, 2014. McDonald, Noreen C. “Children and Cycling.” City Cycling 487 (2012): 211-234. McIlvenny, Paul. "The Joy of Biking Together: Sharing Everyday Experiences of Vélomobility." Mobilities 10.1 (2015): 55-82. Panchal, Urvashi, et al. "The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Systematic Review." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (2021): 1-27. Rixon, Andy, Helen Lomax, and Lindsay O’Dell. "Childhoods Past and Present: Anxiety and Idyll in Reminiscences of Childhood Outdoor Play and Contemporary Parenting Practices." Children's Geographies 17.5 (2019): 618-629. Ross, Nicola J. "‘My Journey to School…’: Foregrounding the Meaning of School Journeys and Children's Engagements and Interactions in Their Everyday Localities." Children's Geographies 5.4 (2007): 373-391 Silonsaari, Jonne, et al. "Unravelling the Rationalities of Childhood Cycling Promotion." Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 14 (2022): 100598. Silver, Erin. "Kids Love Those Fidget Spinner Toys. But Are They Too Much of a Distraction?" The Washington Post (2017). Turpin, Robert. First Taste of Freedom: A Cultural History of Bicycle Marketing in the United States. Syracuse UP, 2018. Valentine, Gill. Public Space and the Culture of Childhood. Routledge, 2017. Valentine, Gill. "'Oh Yes I Can.' 'Oh No You Can't': Children and Parents' Understandings of Kids' Competence to Negotiate Public Space Safely." Antipode 29.1 (1997): 65-89. Whitten, Sarah. "Adults Are Buying Toys for Themselves, and It's the Biggest Source of Growth for the Industry." NBC News, 19 Dec. 2022. <https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/adults-are-buying-toys-s-biggest-source-growth-industry-rcna62354>.

Abstract:

'Let me give you an analogy; analogies, it is true, decide nothing, but they can make one feel more at home.' -- Sigmund Freud, New Introductory Lectures 72 (1933) This paper emerged from a larger study of Freud's view of culture, which used elements of Freud's own way of proceeding to mount a critique of the elaboration of that view. It is proposed here that the use of analogy is foundational to Freud's procedure in building his model of the mind, rather than just a temporary means to an end, and, crucially, that Freud is himself unaware of both the necessity of the analogical move and also of his desire for it. The creation of the concept of the Freudian psyche is a rhetorical tour de force, a structure made of figures of speech, the chief among which is the analogy. Freud constructs an analogy between culture and mind: what is left of his theory of both if this rhetorical connexion is removed? In the opening pages of one of his last works Freud considers the problem of the interpretation of culture, and he concludes that there too it is a question of getting the patient on the couch: '... one is justified [he writes] in attempting to discover a psychoanalytic -- that is, a genetic explanation ...' -- in that psychoanalysis is a method of explaining the origins of present condition of such things as states of mind, to which culture more generally is analogous (Civilization 65). Understanding may be an end in itself, but there may be a more practical purpose in bringing psychoanalysis to bear: a culture may become sick, neurotic, and psychoanalysis may be able to play a part in understanding the nature of the problem, if not also in treating it. Civilization and Its Discontents concludes with the idea that 'we may expect that one day someone will venture to embark upon a pathology of cultural communities' (144). What Freud has to say about culture can be read, I propose, on a number of levels. The smallest elements which begin to reveal meaning -- which are capable of being differentiated in a meaningful way, and therefore analysed as texts -- are parapraxes and the minute revelations of the psychoanalytic techniques of free association and dream analysis. A second level of text is that produced by a unitary, identified 'author', such as Wilhelm Jensen's Gradiva, or Leonardo da Vinci's Virgin with St Anne. An epoch, such as Freud's Civilization (and its Discontents), and then his view of a species (as in Totem and Taboo), each with its own teleology, form texts of a higher order. My engagement with Freud here is with his method of argument by analogy. On some occasions he makes explicit the extent to which he is dependent on (flexible!) analogies of the description of his method -- as when he writes this in The Question of Lay Analysis: 'In psychology we can only describe things by the help of analogies. There is nothing peculiar in this, it is the case elsewhere as well. But we have constantly to keep changing these analogies, for none of them lasts us long enough. (195) In a key moment in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, he again explicitly uses analogy instead of argument, writing: 'Instead of a discussion, however, I shall bring forward an analogy to deal with the objection' (21). This is a point at which he is dealing with the reason for the forgetting of names, and although he is not yet prepared to indicate what is in his view the precise reason for this (namely: repression), he wishes to persuade his reader to stay with him; and so he inserts a narrative about what we would now call a mugging, an event with just the right combination of violence and yet familiarity to allow readers to accept that such things happen but that the agents are usually unknown. That he is confident of the efficacy of this procedure is indicated by that fact that he uses the same analogy again in the Lecture 3 of the Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (40-59). Although Freud uses analogy -- as a comparison between two separate and distinct and different things -- what he is most interested in is primary process. This is a mode of thinking which may be capable of an awareness of the differences between things, but is more interested in their confluences (overdetermination and condensation), and their similarities and ability to replace each other (displacement). I suggest that analogy is actually primary process subjected to 'secondary revision', and that Freud is himself unaware of the source of his recurrent need to use analogy. Consider also the 'Slovakia' example in Lecture 23 of the New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, in which Freud is extrapolating his division of the mind into the three parts: super-ego, ego and id, the 'three realms, regions, provinces, into which we divide an individual's mental apparatus...' He introduces this in a characteristically persuasive way: 'Let me give you an analogy; analogies, it is true, decide nothing, but they can make one feel more at home' (New Introductory Lectures 72). He then proceeds to a brief description of some of the characteristics of (what is now) Slovakia, in which German, Magyars and Slovaks live, in which there are three kinds of topography and also three groups of industry. He constructs the image partly to demonstrate the complexity of the interrelationships of the parts of the mental apparatus (and partly to have a shot at the powers that at Versailles divided up parts of Europe), and to show that the assignment of distinct names to them tends to obscure the way in which they in fact overlap and interact. However, what the analogy powerfully imports is the 'naturalness', indeed the inevitability, of the division into three. Despite the argument actually being that this division is in fact not clear-cut, it nevertheless implies the necessity of the division. So that his audience is all the more ready the accept the tripartite model of the mind. We could analyse this analogy between the two 'geographies' somewhat in the way that Freud would examine the account of a dream. Firstly, there are the day's residues: in this case his experiences in growing up in this part of Europe together with his reflections on the politics of defining a nation. Then we see the conflation of the two different realms of human experience, political geography and metapsychology; and the displacement of the one set of structures for the other. There is also the overdetermination of the tripartite structures: German, Magyars, Slovaks; hills, plains, lakes; cattle, cereals, fish; superego, ego, id. Finally an instance of secondary revision can be clearly seen in the conclusion of Freud's demonstration. If the partitioning could be neat and clear-cut like this, a Woodrow Wilson would be delighted by it; it would also be convenient for a lecture in a geography lesson. The probability is, however, that you will find less orderliness and more missing, if you travel through the region. ... A few things are naturally as you expected, for fish cannot be caught in the mountains and wine does not grow in the water. Indeed, the picture of the region that you brought with you may on the whole fit the facts; but you will have to put up with deviations in the details. (New Introductory Lectures 73) The implication for my analogy (with dream-analysis) is clearly that there will be a slippage between the different meanings of the images as the process of overdetermination tries to get each to do different work at the same time, and certain elements will have to be refined or retuned, whether in the service of more or less precise relation. A final point might be made, while still on the topic of Slovakia. Freud is, as we have seen, critical to some extent of the political-geographical situation that he receives and describes in his image. The reference to the American president suggests that there might have been a better way to carry out the partition, and certainly events in the region in our own very recent past suggest that this is so. Freud, however, is ultimately accepting of many of the aspects of the picture. He takes the different kinds of primary industry as givens: agriculture, viticulture, and the human culture implied in the national names. The fact that an outsider like Wilson might get it wrong only makes clearer the implication that received political geography is meaningful and in some senses right. This is an example of a cultural unconscious about which Freud does not speak because he cannot. It is not that his assumption about this matter, that which is taken-for-granted, is unthinkable: it is unsayable, something which is outside consciousness because it is so taken-for-granted. This kind of unconscious, which I am calling a kind of cultural unconscious for want of a better term -- and perhaps a notion of the 'non-conscious' might be more accurate -- simply cannot be accommodated by consciousness. Here Freud was appealing to geography to make his point. He far more often appeals to the authority of literature. To give a crude example, it is well known that it was the essay on nature -- thought at one time to be by Goethe -- which is supposed to have been the spur that pricked the side of Freud's intent and actually drove him into what was to become psychoanalysis. So literature not only has an inspirational effect for him, but is also evidence of the interpenetration of Freud's mind -- his way of thinking by analogy and citation -- and the culture of which he is the recipient, and in which he is caught up. If analogy is essential to Freud's theory, rather than just part of its explication (and space has permitted mention of only a few instances) -- if analogy functions as the clasps that hold together the new clothes of the Emperor of Psychoanalysis - what happens when the clasps are removed? References References to the works of Freud in English refer by volume to the Standard Edition (SE): Freud, Sigmund. The Standard Edition of the the Complete Psychological Works. 24 vols. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1953-74. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and its Discontents. SE 21. (1930.) 59-145. ---. "Delusions and Dreams in Jensen's 'Gradiva'." SE 9. (1907 [1906].) 1-95. ---. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. SE 15-6. (1916-17.) ---. "Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood." SE 11. (1910.) 59-137. ---. Postscript. SE 20. (1927.) 251-8. ---. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. SE 22. (1933.) ---. The Origins of Psychoanalysis. Trans. Eric Mosbacher & James Strachey. Ed. Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud and Ernst Kris. London: Imago; New York: Basic Books, 1950. (1887-1902.) Partly including "A Project for a Scientific Psychology" (1895), in SE 1. Freud, Sigmund. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life. SE 6. (1901.) ---. "The Question of Lay Analysis." SE 20. (1926.) 177-250. ---. Totem and Taboo. SE 13. (1912-13.) 1-161. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Garry Gillard. "Mind and Culture: Freud and Slovakia." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.2 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/freud.php>. Chicago style: Garry Gillard, "Mind and Culture: Freud and Slovakia," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 2 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/freud.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Garry Gillard. (2000) Mind and culture: Freud and Slovakia. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(2). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0005/freud.php> ([your date of access]).